Angiotensin II (1-4), human (TFA) is an endogenous peptide produced from AT I by angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II binds the AT II type 1 (AT1) receptor, stimulating GPCRs in vascular smooth muscle cells and increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels. Angiotensin II also acts at the Na+/H+ exchanger in the proximal tubules of the kidney. References: [1]. De Giusti VC, et al. Modulation of the cardiac sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter by the renin angiotensin aldosterone system: pathophysiological consequences. Front Physiol. 2014 Jan 17;4:411. [2]. Moon JY, et al. Recent Update of Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Electrolyte Blood Press. 2013 Dec;11(2):41-5.

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