CHIR99021 是Wnt/β-CATenin信号通路激活剂，还是一种选择性GSK-3α/β抑制剂，IC50为 10 nM 和 6.7 nM。它对GSK-3的选择性比 CDC2、ERK2 和其他蛋白激酶高 500 倍以上。它能诱导细胞自噬，可增强小鼠和人类胚胎干细胞的自我更新。

CHIR-99021 is a GSK-3α/β inhibitor (IC50: 10/6.7 nM).

CHIR 99021 inhibited human GSK-3β (Ki: 9.8 nmol/L). It exhibited from 500-fold to >10,000-fold selectivity for GSK-3 versus 20 other protein kinases [1]. CHIR99021 can induce the reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts transduced by only two factors, Oct4 and Klf4. When combined with Parnate, an inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1, CHIR99021 can cause the reprogramming of human primary keratinocyte transduced with the two factors, Oct4 and Klf4 [2]. In the presence of CHIR-99021 the viability of the ES-D3 cells was reduced by 24.7% at 2.5 μM, 56.3% at 5 μM, 61.9% at 7.5 μM and 69.2% at 10 μM CHIR-99021 with an IC50 of 4.9 μM. In ES-D3 cells cultivation with CHIR-99021 resulted in significant activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway [3].

In ZDF rats, a single oral dose of CHIR 99021 rapidly lowered plasma glucose, with a maximal reduction of nearly 150 mg/dl 3–4 h after administration. Importantly, reduced fasting hyperglycemia was achieved while plasma insulin remained at or below control levels throughout the time course of the experiment. The response was reproducible and dose-related (e.g., mild lowering at 8 mg/kg and maximal lowering at 30–48 mg/kg) [1].

Kinases were purified from SF9 cells through the use of their His or Glu tag. Glu-tagged proteins were purified as described, and His-tagged proteins were purified according to the manufacturer's instructions. Kinase assays were performed in 96-well plates with appropriate peptide substrates in a 300-μl reaction buffer (variations on 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 25 mMβ-glycerophosphate, 1 mM NaF, and 0.01% bovine serum albumin). Peptides had Km values from 1 to 100 μM. CHIR 99021 or CHIR GSKIA was added in 3.5 μl of Me2SO, followed by ATP to a final concentration of 1 μM. After incubation, triplicate 100-μl aliquots were transferred to Combiplate 8 plates containing 100 μl/well of 50 μM ATP and 20 mM EDTA. After 1 hour, the wells were rinsed five times with phosphate-buffered saline, filled with 200 μl of scintillation fluid, sealed, and counted in a scintillation counter 30 min later. All of the steps were at room temperature. The percentage of inhibition was calculated as 100 × (inhibitor ? no enzyme control)/(Me2SO control ? no enzyme control) [4].

The Wnt/beta-catenin reporter assay was performed with the M50 Super 8× TOPFlash and M51 Super 8× FOPFlash vector containing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of TCF/LEF binding sites or mutated bindings sites. 12,500 cells were seeded overnight on gelatine-coated 96-well plates in LIF-containing ES cell medium. On the next day, the cells were transfected using Lipofectamine with one of the aforementioned vectors plus pGL4.75 [hRluc/CMV] encoding the renilla luciferase reporter gene hRluc as a transfection control. Six hours after transfection the medium was changed to medium devoid of LIF, with reduced serum, and supplemented with 5 μM CHIR-99021. The Dual-Luciferase? reporter assay system was employed 48 and 72 h after the medium change to follow the luminescence reaction using a GloMax?-multi detection system [4].

Blood was obtained by shallow tail snipping at lidocaine-anesthetized tips. Blood glucose was measured directly or heparinized plasma was collected for measurement of glucose or insulin. Animals were pre-bled and randomized to vehicle control or GSK-3 inhibitor treatment groups. For glucose tolerance tests (GTTs), animals fasted throughout the procedure with food removal early in the morning, 3 h before the first prebleed (db/db mice), or the previous night, 16 h before the bleed (ZDF rats). When the time course of plasma glucose and insulin changes in fasting ZDF rats was measured, food was removed ～16 h before test agent administration. The glucose challenges in the GTT were 1.35 g/kg i.p. (ipGTT) or 2 g/kg via oral gavage (oGTT). CHIR-99021 were formulated as solutions in 20 mmol/l citrate-buffered 15% Captisol or as fine suspensions in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose [1].

252917-06-9

C22H18Cl2N8

465.34

CT99021;CHIR-99021

DMSO:9.3 mg/mL (20 mM)
Powder: -20°C for 3 years
In solvent: -80°C for 2 years